The full version of this story with accompanying images is at:
Ed Stone, project scientist for NASA's Voyager mission, remembers the first time he
saw the kinks in one of Saturn's narrowest rings. It was the day the Voyager 1
spacecraft made its closest approach to the giant ringed planet, 30 years ago.
Scientists were gathering in front of television monitors and in one another's
offices every day during this heady period to pore over the bewildering images
and other data streaming down to NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena,
Calif.
Stone drew a crude sketch of this scalloped, multi-stranded ring, known as the F
ring, in his notebook, but with no explanation next to it. The innumerable particles
comprising the broad rings are in near-circular orbits about Saturn. So, it was a
surprise to find that the F ring, discovered just a year before by NASA's Pioneer 11
spacecraft, had clumps and wayward kinks. What could have created such a
pattern?
"It was clear Voyager was showing us something different at Saturn," said Stone,
now based at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. "Over and over,
the spacecraft revealed so many unexpected things that it often took days, months
and even years to figure them out."
The F ring curiosity was only one of many strange phenomena discovered in the
Voyager close encounters with Saturn, which occurred on Nov. 12, 1980, for
Voyager 1, and Aug. 25, 1981, for Voyager 2. The Voyager encounters were
responsible for finding six small moons and revealing the half-young, half-old
terrain of Enceladus that had to point to some kind of geological activity.
Images from the two encounters also exposed individual storms roiling the planet's
atmosphere, which did not show up at all in data from Earth-based telescopes.
Scientists used Voyager data to resolve a debate about whether Titan had a thick
or thin atmosphere, finding that Titan was shrouded in a thick haze of
hydrocarbons in a nitrogen-rich atmosphere. The finding led scientists to predict
there could be seas of liquid methane and ethane on Titan's surface.
"When I look back, I realize how little we actually knew about the solar system
before Voyager," Stone added. "We discovered things we didn't know were there
to be discovered, time after time."
In fact, the Voyager encounters sparked so many new questions that another
spacecraft, NASA's Cassini, was sent to probe those mysteries. While Voyager 1 got
to within about 126,000 kilometers (78,300 miles) above Saturn's cloud tops, and
Voyager 2 approached as close as about 100,800 kilometers (62,600 miles), Cassini
has dipped to this altitude and somewhat lower in its orbits around Saturn since
2004.
Because of Cassini's extended journey around Saturn, scientists have found
explanations for many of the mysteries first seen by Voyager. Cassini has
uncovered a mechanism to explain the new terrain on Enceladus – tiger stripe
fissures with jets of water vapor and organic particles. It revealed that Titan indeed
does have stable lakes of liquid hydrocarbons on its surface and showed just how
similar to Earth that moon really is. Data from Cassini have also resolved how two
small moons discovered by Voyager – Prometheus and Pandora – tug on the F ring
to create its kinked shape and wakes that form snowballs.
"Cassini is indebted to Voyager for its many fascinating discoveries and for paving
the way for Cassini," said Linda Spilker, Cassini project scientist at JPL, who started
her career working on Voyager from 1977 to 1989. "On Cassini, we still compare
our data to Voyager's and proudly build on Voyager's heritage."
But Voyager left a few mysteries that Cassini has not yet solved. For instance,
scientists first spotted a hexagonal weather pattern when they stitched together
Voyager images of Saturn's north pole. Cassini has obtained higher-resolution
pictures of the hexagon – which tells scientists it's a remarkably stable wave in one
of the jet streams that remains 30 years later – but scientists are still not sure what
forces maintain the hexagon.
Even more perplexing are the somewhat wedge-shaped, transient clouds of tiny
particles that Voyager discovered orbiting in Saturn's B ring. Scientists dubbed
them "spokes" because they looked like bicycle spokes. Cassini scientists have been
searching for them since the spacecraft first arrived. As Saturn approached
equinox, and the sun's light hit the rings edge-on, the spokes did reappear in the
outer part of Saturn's B ring. But Cassini scientists are still testing their theories of
what might be causing these odd features.
"The fact that we still have mysteries today goes to show how much we still have to
learn about our solar system," said Suzanne Dodd, Voyager's project manager,
based at JPL. "Today, the Voyager spacecraft continue as pioneers traveling toward
the edge of our solar system. We can't wait for the Voyager spacecraft to enter
interstellar space – true outer space – and make more unexpected discoveries."
Voyager 1, which was launched on Sept. 5, 1977, is currently about 17 billion
kilometers (11 billion miles) away from the sun. It is the most distant spacecraft.
Voyager 2, which was launched on Aug. 20, 1977, is currently about 14 billion
kilometers (9 billion miles) away from the sun.
The Voyagers were built by JPL, which continues to operate both spacecraft.
Caltech manages JPL for NASA. The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative
project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. JPL
manages Cassini for NASA. The Cassini orbiter and its two onboard cameras were
designed, developed and assembled at JPL.
More Voyager information is available at http://www.nasa.gov/voyager and
More Cassini information is available at http://www.nasa.gov/cassini and
-end-
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Good Clear Skies
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Astrocomet
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Colin James Watling
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Real Astronomer and head of the Comet section for LYRA (Lowestoft and Great Yarmouth Regional Astronomers) also head of K.A.G (Kessingland Astronomy Group) and Navigator (Astrogator) of the Stars (Fieldwork)
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